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What Conclusion Do We Get From Doing The Onion Experiment To See Mitosis?
Learning Objectives Describe the importance of interphase in a cell's life cycle. Using microscope images, identify the appearance of chromosomes and other cell structures during the phases of mitosis. Identify the differences between normal and cancerous cells caused by changes in chromosomes and cell cycle regulation.- Estimated Preparation and Completion Time for Lab: 3 - 4 hours For this lab, download and complete the lab report form as you complete the online activities. Introduction to Cell Division All cells arise from existing cells by a process called cell division. As humans, all of the cells comprising the complex organ systems in our body originate from a single, fertilized egg cell. By the time we reach adulthood, our bodies consist of trillions of cells. So, how do humans and other eukaryotic organisms produce the new cells needed for growth and replace cells lost through injury or normal "wear and tear"?
- The answer is the subject of this lab — mitosis. During cell division, new cells are formed by a complex, tightly regulated process called mitosis that distributes identical genetic material from one originating cell into two identical daughter cells. Although mitosis separates the most important material, the DNA, a separate process called cytokinesis separates the cells themselves.
- Part 1: Interphase Although cell divison is critical to the survival of an organism, mitosis is only a small part of the complete cell cycle. The average cell spends the vast majority of its life in interphase , the stage of the cell cycle that allows a cell to grow in size, produce proteins such as enzymes and membrane channels, perform a specialized function, and obtain energy from nutrients. If signaled to enter mitosis, a cell must first prepare for cell division by replicating the genetic information. This occurs before mitosis during a substage of interphase called S Phase.
- Once DNA replication is complete, a few additional activities are performed during interphase and then mitosis can begin. Near the end of mitosis, the cell enters a brief stage in the cell cycle called cytokinesis, when the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Each new daughter cell begins its life in interphase, performing the functions that support its life until the cell is signaled to divide.
- Although the cell cycle is a continuous loop, the time spent in each phase especially interphase varies greatly between cell types and organisms. To study the stages of the cell cycle and cells undergoing mitosis, scientists generally choose specialized tissues undergoing rapid expansion. Because these tissues are growing rapidly, the cells are more likely to be in a stage of mitosis than slower growing tissues. In plants, the process of forming new cells occurs most rapidly in special growth regions called meristems. For example, the cells at the tip of an onion root are rapidly dividing to extend the root tip deeper into the soil during plant growth.
- Onion root tips are often used to analyze the stages of the cell cycle because their cells are more frequently undergoing mitosis and the chromosomes are large and few in number. To view chromosomes under a microscope, researchers use specialized dyes that stain the DNA very darkly inside cells. Stages of the Cell Cycle Identify stages of the cell cycle in a microscope image of onion root tip cells. Please enable iFrames to view this content or visit Stages of the Cell Cycle.
EXPLAIN: Onion Root Tip Mitosis LAB: BIOLOGY 1 HON: Young-Semester 1
In the microscope image seen in the above activity, the individual cells in an onion root tip are visible after magnification using a microscope. Because this section of onion root tip cells was selected randomly, these cells can provide a sample of the entire root tip. Every cell in an onion root tip progresses through the cell cycle at a similar rate as the others because this entire region is composed of meristem tissue. Researchers have observed the rate of cell division in onion root tip cells and determined that one complete loop through the cell cycle takes about 24 hours. In our sample, we can observe that even in this rapidly dividing tissue, most cells are in interphase. Using the percentage of cells in interphase within this sample, we can calculate a rough estimate of the time that onion root tip cells spend in interphase each day. If all cells in this sample are progressing through the cell cycle at the same rate, the percentage of cells in one specific stage interphase is proportional to the percentage of time each of these cells spends in that stage over its hour cell cycle.Ap Biology Lab Mitosis Onion Root Tip Answers - Medicoguia.com
Use the information and sample image above to estimate the average time in hours that onion root tip cells spend in interphase compared to the time spent in mitosis. Following the procedure below, calculate the percentage of time spent in interphase and use this data to calculate the hours spent in interphase. Record your data in the lab report form. Count and record the total number of interphase cells in the sample. Count and record the total number of mitotic cells in the sample Add these values together to obtain the total number of cells you counted. Part 2: Identifying Phases of the Cell Cycle Although mitosis is a continuous process, biologists have divided the process into five distinct physical substages to provide a framework for scientific investigation.- These substages are prophase , prometaphase , metaphase , anaphase , and telophase. The mitotic stages have been extensively studied in both plant and animal cells, particularly in rapidly growing tissues. While the rapidly dividing cells in growing onion roots are a convenient area for viewing plant cell mitosis, animals do not typically exhibit regions of very rapid growth except during embryonic development. Instead, researchers use the rapidly dividing cells found in early embryos, such as the cells of a whitefish blastula. Since whitefish cells in a blastula are actively dividing, a high proportion of these cells are in some stage of mitosis. Stages of Mitosis Practice identifying the physical appearance of chromosomes in plant and animal cells by identifying the mitotic stage of the individual cells shown in the microscope images below. Use your lesson materials to review the appearance of chromosomes in each stage. Part 3: Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer The cell cycle is regulated by "checkpoints" in many different stages to ensure the cell completes each phase correctly before proceeding to the next event.
- These checkpoints include mechanisms to repair abnormal cells with damaged DNA and, if repair is impossible, to trigger controlled cell death. If this regulatory process malfunctions, the abnormal cells may continue to divide without regulation and without responding to external signals to stop growing. The formation and growth of tumors is caused by these abnormal cells that effectively possess a "mitotic disease. Tumors that are slow-growing and do not invade other parts of the body are considered benign, or relatively harmless, and are non-cancerous.
- Cancerous tumors grow rapidly and exhibit features that enhance their ability to spread to a new part of the body. These tumors are malignant, or harmful. Individual cancer cells can also break away from the original tumor and spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body and form new tumors, a process called metastasis. In humans, cancer can develop in almost any organ or tissue and frequently spreads to invade other tissues before the tumor is detected. Research several different types of cancer to determine the underlying causes and risk factors for cancer in general.
- Identify how cancer is diagnosed and the most common treatment options. Start by visiting the websites for the American Cancer Society www. Use the questions in the lab report to guide your research, writing your answers in complete sentences and in your own words. Lab Report Click on the link below to open the "Lab 9 Report" form. Submit as directed by your instructor.
- Put in Onion root tip slide. Observe the magnified cells. Take a picture using camera. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using Whitefish blastula slide. Open pictures and count cells in each stage of mitosis. Calculate percentage of each phase Calculate the percent of time spent in each stage This is how I counted each of the cells. Results The picture of the Onion root tip contains more than twice as many cells as the whitefish blastula, so my results contain 2 fields of Onion root tip and 1 field of Whitefish Blastula. Interphase was the most common phase. In addition, blastula have a smaller division scale than root-tips; root-tip cell samples contain many more cells than blastula samples.
- However, they were observed at the same magnification power. So, it shows that far more onion cells were observed. It is more accurate to say that the nucleus is being replicated, rather than saying that the cell is being cleaved into two pieces. Explain why the whitefish blastula and onion root tip are selected for a study of mitosis. Blastula and root tips are where the creation of new cells happens.
- That is where the cells split and is where nuclear replication is the most frequent. The total number of cells in mitosis would have been lower, thus lowering the sample size. The accuracy of this experiment depended on the sample size because it is dealing with cells. Also, It would be harder to find the phases that were rarer than Interphase. Based on the data in the Table, what can you infer about the relative length of time an onion root-tip cell spends in each stage of cell division?
- Conclusion In conclusion, this experiment was successful. The hypothesis was correct. All of the observations went smoothly and the data was recorded well. The entire experiment taught me about Mitosis and the length of different phases in cell division. Root tips and blastula are where cells most actively divide and form new cells. According to my experiment of cells, I learned that it takes nearly 24 hours to full replicate one cell. If mitosis did not happen in this fashion, who know what may have happened to early cells and organisms?
- Log in Sign up Mitosis in Onion Root Tips This classic microscope lab has been used in life science classrooms for decades. It is also a standard part of the AP Biology curriculum as Investigation 7 in the AP Biology lab manual , and can be a great way to apply a basic knowledge of chi-square tests. Background: The environment immediately surrounding a cell can have substantial effects on the process of cellular division. Mitosis, one type of cell division, is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei. This is the fundamental process that produces most of the cells in multicellular organisms and allows for growth and repair of an organism.
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